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Water Mass Analysis of Effect of Climate Change on Air–Sea CO2 Fluxes: The Southern Ocean
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| Zeitschriftentitel: | Journal of Climate |
|---|---|
| Personen und Körperschaften: | , , , , |
| In: | Journal of Climate, 25, 2012, 11, S. 3894-3908 |
| Format: | E-Article |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| veröffentlicht: |
American Meteorological Society
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| Schlagwörter: |
| author_facet |
Séférian, Roland Iudicone, Daniele Bopp, Laurent Roy, Tilla Madec, Gurvan Séférian, Roland Iudicone, Daniele Bopp, Laurent Roy, Tilla Madec, Gurvan |
|---|---|
| author |
Séférian, Roland Iudicone, Daniele Bopp, Laurent Roy, Tilla Madec, Gurvan |
| spellingShingle |
Séférian, Roland Iudicone, Daniele Bopp, Laurent Roy, Tilla Madec, Gurvan Journal of Climate Water Mass Analysis of Effect of Climate Change on Air–Sea CO2 Fluxes: The Southern Ocean Atmospheric Science |
| author_sort |
séférian, roland |
| spelling |
Séférian, Roland Iudicone, Daniele Bopp, Laurent Roy, Tilla Madec, Gurvan 0894-8755 1520-0442 American Meteorological Society Atmospheric Science http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00291.1 <jats:p> Impacts of climate change on air–sea CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> exchange are strongly region dependent, particularly in the Southern Ocean. Yet, in the Southern Ocean the role of water masses in the uptake of anthropogenic carbon is still debated. Here, a methodology is applied that tracks the carbon flux of each Southern Ocean water mass in response to climate change. A global marine biogeochemical model was coupled to a climate model, making 140-yr Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5)-type simulations, where atmospheric CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> increased by 1% yr<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> to 4 times the preindustrial concentration (4 × CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>). Impacts of atmospheric CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> (carbon-induced sensitivity) and climate change (climate-induced sensitivity) on the water mass carbon fluxes have been isolated performing two sensitivity simulations. In the first simulation, the atmospheric CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> influences solely the marine carbon cycle, while in the second simulation, it influences both the marine carbon cycle and earth’s climate. At 4 × CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>, the cumulative carbon uptake by the Southern Ocean reaches 278 PgC, 53% of which is taken up by modal and intermediate water masses. The carbon-induced and climate-induced sensitivities vary significantly between the water masses. The carbon-induced sensitivities enhance the carbon uptake of the water masses, particularly for the denser classes. But, enhancement strongly depends on the water mass structure. The climate-induced sensitivities either strengthen or weaken the carbon uptake and are influenced by local processes through changes in CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> solubility and stratification, and by large-scale changes in outcrop surface (OS) areas. Changes in OS areas account for 45% of the climate-induced reduction in the Southern Ocean carbon uptake and are a key factor in understanding the future carbon uptake of the Southern Ocean. </jats:p> Water Mass Analysis of Effect of Climate Change on Air–Sea CO<sub>2</sub> Fluxes: The Southern Ocean Journal of Climate |
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| title |
Water Mass Analysis of Effect of Climate Change on Air–Sea CO2 Fluxes: The Southern Ocean |
| title_unstemmed |
Water Mass Analysis of Effect of Climate Change on Air–Sea CO2 Fluxes: The Southern Ocean |
| title_full |
Water Mass Analysis of Effect of Climate Change on Air–Sea CO2 Fluxes: The Southern Ocean |
| title_fullStr |
Water Mass Analysis of Effect of Climate Change on Air–Sea CO2 Fluxes: The Southern Ocean |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Water Mass Analysis of Effect of Climate Change on Air–Sea CO2 Fluxes: The Southern Ocean |
| title_short |
Water Mass Analysis of Effect of Climate Change on Air–Sea CO2 Fluxes: The Southern Ocean |
| title_sort |
water mass analysis of effect of climate change on air–sea co<sub>2</sub> fluxes: the southern ocean |
| topic |
Atmospheric Science |
| url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00291.1 |
| publishDate |
2012 |
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3894-3908 |
| description |
<jats:p> Impacts of climate change on air–sea CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> exchange are strongly region dependent, particularly in the Southern Ocean. Yet, in the Southern Ocean the role of water masses in the uptake of anthropogenic carbon is still debated. Here, a methodology is applied that tracks the carbon flux of each Southern Ocean water mass in response to climate change. A global marine biogeochemical model was coupled to a climate model, making 140-yr Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5)-type simulations, where atmospheric CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> increased by 1% yr<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> to 4 times the preindustrial concentration (4 × CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>). Impacts of atmospheric CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> (carbon-induced sensitivity) and climate change (climate-induced sensitivity) on the water mass carbon fluxes have been isolated performing two sensitivity simulations. In the first simulation, the atmospheric CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> influences solely the marine carbon cycle, while in the second simulation, it influences both the marine carbon cycle and earth’s climate. At 4 × CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>, the cumulative carbon uptake by the Southern Ocean reaches 278 PgC, 53% of which is taken up by modal and intermediate water masses. The carbon-induced and climate-induced sensitivities vary significantly between the water masses. The carbon-induced sensitivities enhance the carbon uptake of the water masses, particularly for the denser classes. But, enhancement strongly depends on the water mass structure. The climate-induced sensitivities either strengthen or weaken the carbon uptake and are influenced by local processes through changes in CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> solubility and stratification, and by large-scale changes in outcrop surface (OS) areas. Changes in OS areas account for 45% of the climate-induced reduction in the Southern Ocean carbon uptake and are a key factor in understanding the future carbon uptake of the Southern Ocean. </jats:p> |
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| description | <jats:p> Impacts of climate change on air–sea CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> exchange are strongly region dependent, particularly in the Southern Ocean. Yet, in the Southern Ocean the role of water masses in the uptake of anthropogenic carbon is still debated. Here, a methodology is applied that tracks the carbon flux of each Southern Ocean water mass in response to climate change. A global marine biogeochemical model was coupled to a climate model, making 140-yr Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5)-type simulations, where atmospheric CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> increased by 1% yr<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> to 4 times the preindustrial concentration (4 × CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>). Impacts of atmospheric CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> (carbon-induced sensitivity) and climate change (climate-induced sensitivity) on the water mass carbon fluxes have been isolated performing two sensitivity simulations. In the first simulation, the atmospheric CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> influences solely the marine carbon cycle, while in the second simulation, it influences both the marine carbon cycle and earth’s climate. At 4 × CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>, the cumulative carbon uptake by the Southern Ocean reaches 278 PgC, 53% of which is taken up by modal and intermediate water masses. The carbon-induced and climate-induced sensitivities vary significantly between the water masses. The carbon-induced sensitivities enhance the carbon uptake of the water masses, particularly for the denser classes. But, enhancement strongly depends on the water mass structure. The climate-induced sensitivities either strengthen or weaken the carbon uptake and are influenced by local processes through changes in CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> solubility and stratification, and by large-scale changes in outcrop surface (OS) areas. Changes in OS areas account for 45% of the climate-induced reduction in the Southern Ocean carbon uptake and are a key factor in understanding the future carbon uptake of the Southern Ocean. </jats:p> |
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| spelling | Séférian, Roland Iudicone, Daniele Bopp, Laurent Roy, Tilla Madec, Gurvan 0894-8755 1520-0442 American Meteorological Society Atmospheric Science http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00291.1 <jats:p> Impacts of climate change on air–sea CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> exchange are strongly region dependent, particularly in the Southern Ocean. Yet, in the Southern Ocean the role of water masses in the uptake of anthropogenic carbon is still debated. Here, a methodology is applied that tracks the carbon flux of each Southern Ocean water mass in response to climate change. A global marine biogeochemical model was coupled to a climate model, making 140-yr Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5)-type simulations, where atmospheric CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> increased by 1% yr<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> to 4 times the preindustrial concentration (4 × CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>). Impacts of atmospheric CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> (carbon-induced sensitivity) and climate change (climate-induced sensitivity) on the water mass carbon fluxes have been isolated performing two sensitivity simulations. In the first simulation, the atmospheric CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> influences solely the marine carbon cycle, while in the second simulation, it influences both the marine carbon cycle and earth’s climate. At 4 × CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>, the cumulative carbon uptake by the Southern Ocean reaches 278 PgC, 53% of which is taken up by modal and intermediate water masses. The carbon-induced and climate-induced sensitivities vary significantly between the water masses. The carbon-induced sensitivities enhance the carbon uptake of the water masses, particularly for the denser classes. But, enhancement strongly depends on the water mass structure. The climate-induced sensitivities either strengthen or weaken the carbon uptake and are influenced by local processes through changes in CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> solubility and stratification, and by large-scale changes in outcrop surface (OS) areas. Changes in OS areas account for 45% of the climate-induced reduction in the Southern Ocean carbon uptake and are a key factor in understanding the future carbon uptake of the Southern Ocean. </jats:p> Water Mass Analysis of Effect of Climate Change on Air–Sea CO<sub>2</sub> Fluxes: The Southern Ocean Journal of Climate |
| spellingShingle | Séférian, Roland, Iudicone, Daniele, Bopp, Laurent, Roy, Tilla, Madec, Gurvan, Journal of Climate, Water Mass Analysis of Effect of Climate Change on Air–Sea CO2 Fluxes: The Southern Ocean, Atmospheric Science |
| title | Water Mass Analysis of Effect of Climate Change on Air–Sea CO2 Fluxes: The Southern Ocean |
| title_full | Water Mass Analysis of Effect of Climate Change on Air–Sea CO2 Fluxes: The Southern Ocean |
| title_fullStr | Water Mass Analysis of Effect of Climate Change on Air–Sea CO2 Fluxes: The Southern Ocean |
| title_full_unstemmed | Water Mass Analysis of Effect of Climate Change on Air–Sea CO2 Fluxes: The Southern Ocean |
| title_short | Water Mass Analysis of Effect of Climate Change on Air–Sea CO2 Fluxes: The Southern Ocean |
| title_sort | water mass analysis of effect of climate change on air–sea co<sub>2</sub> fluxes: the southern ocean |
| title_unstemmed | Water Mass Analysis of Effect of Climate Change on Air–Sea CO2 Fluxes: The Southern Ocean |
| topic | Atmospheric Science |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00291.1 |