author_facet Laubinger, Sascha
Hoecker, Ute
Laubinger, Sascha
Hoecker, Ute
author Laubinger, Sascha
Hoecker, Ute
spellingShingle Laubinger, Sascha
Hoecker, Ute
The Plant Journal
The SPA1‐like proteins SPA3 and SPA4 repress photomorphogenesis in the light
Cell Biology
Plant Science
Genetics
author_sort laubinger, sascha
spelling Laubinger, Sascha Hoecker, Ute 0960-7412 1365-313X Wiley Cell Biology Plant Science Genetics http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01813.x <jats:title>Summary</jats:title><jats:p> <jats:styled-content>S</jats:styled-content>uppressor of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content>p</jats:styled-content>hy<jats:styled-content>A</jats:styled-content>‐105</jats:italic> (SPA1) is a phytochrome A‐specific signaling intermediate that acts as a light‐dependent repressor of photomorphogenesis in <jats:italic>Arabidopsis</jats:italic> seedlings. <jats:italic>SPA1</jats:italic> is part of a small gene family comprising three genes: <jats:italic><jats:styled-content>SPA</jats:styled-content>1‐related <jats:styled-content>2</jats:styled-content></jats:italic> (<jats:italic>SPA2</jats:italic>), <jats:italic><jats:styled-content>SPA</jats:styled-content>1‐related <jats:styled-content>3</jats:styled-content></jats:italic> (<jats:italic>SPA3</jats:italic>), and <jats:italic><jats:styled-content>SPA</jats:styled-content>1‐related <jats:styled-content>4</jats:styled-content></jats:italic> (<jats:italic>SPA4</jats:italic>). Here, we investigate the functions of <jats:italic>SPA3</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>SPA4</jats:italic>, two very closely related genes coding for proteins with 74% identical amino acids. Seedlings with mutations in <jats:italic>SPA3</jats:italic> or <jats:italic>SPA4</jats:italic> exhibit enhanced photomorphogenesis in the light, but show no phenotype in darkness. While there are small differences between the effects of <jats:italic>spa3</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>spa4</jats:italic> mutations, it is apparent that <jats:italic>SPA3</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>SPA4</jats:italic> function to inhibit light responses in continuous far‐red, red, and blue light. Phytochrome A is necessary for all aspects of the <jats:italic>spa4</jats:italic> mutant phenotype, suggesting that <jats:italic>SPA4</jats:italic>, like <jats:italic>SPA1</jats:italic>, acts specifically in phytochrome A signaling. Enhanced photoresponsiveness of <jats:italic>spa3</jats:italic> mutants is also fully dependent on phytochrome A in far‐red and blue light, but not in red light. Hence, <jats:italic>SPA3</jats:italic> function in red light may be dependent on other phytochromes in addition to phytochrome A. Using yeast two‐hybrid and <jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic> interaction assays, we further show that SPA3 as well as SPA4 can physically interact with the constitutive repressor of light signaling COP1. Deletion analyses suggest that SPA3 and SPA4, like SPA1, bind to the coiled‐coil domain of COP1. Taken together, our results have identified two new loci coding for negative regulators that may be involved in fine tuning of light responses by interacting with COP1.</jats:p> The SPA1‐like proteins SPA3 and SPA4 repress photomorphogenesis in the light The Plant Journal
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series The Plant Journal
source_id 49
title The SPA1‐like proteins SPA3 and SPA4 repress photomorphogenesis in the light
title_unstemmed The SPA1‐like proteins SPA3 and SPA4 repress photomorphogenesis in the light
title_full The SPA1‐like proteins SPA3 and SPA4 repress photomorphogenesis in the light
title_fullStr The SPA1‐like proteins SPA3 and SPA4 repress photomorphogenesis in the light
title_full_unstemmed The SPA1‐like proteins SPA3 and SPA4 repress photomorphogenesis in the light
title_short The SPA1‐like proteins SPA3 and SPA4 repress photomorphogenesis in the light
title_sort the spa1‐like proteins spa3 and spa4 repress photomorphogenesis in the light
topic Cell Biology
Plant Science
Genetics
url http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01813.x
publishDate 2003
physical 373-385
description <jats:title>Summary</jats:title><jats:p> <jats:styled-content>S</jats:styled-content>uppressor of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content>p</jats:styled-content>hy<jats:styled-content>A</jats:styled-content>‐105</jats:italic> (SPA1) is a phytochrome A‐specific signaling intermediate that acts as a light‐dependent repressor of photomorphogenesis in <jats:italic>Arabidopsis</jats:italic> seedlings. <jats:italic>SPA1</jats:italic> is part of a small gene family comprising three genes: <jats:italic><jats:styled-content>SPA</jats:styled-content>1‐related <jats:styled-content>2</jats:styled-content></jats:italic> (<jats:italic>SPA2</jats:italic>), <jats:italic><jats:styled-content>SPA</jats:styled-content>1‐related <jats:styled-content>3</jats:styled-content></jats:italic> (<jats:italic>SPA3</jats:italic>), and <jats:italic><jats:styled-content>SPA</jats:styled-content>1‐related <jats:styled-content>4</jats:styled-content></jats:italic> (<jats:italic>SPA4</jats:italic>). Here, we investigate the functions of <jats:italic>SPA3</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>SPA4</jats:italic>, two very closely related genes coding for proteins with 74% identical amino acids. Seedlings with mutations in <jats:italic>SPA3</jats:italic> or <jats:italic>SPA4</jats:italic> exhibit enhanced photomorphogenesis in the light, but show no phenotype in darkness. While there are small differences between the effects of <jats:italic>spa3</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>spa4</jats:italic> mutations, it is apparent that <jats:italic>SPA3</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>SPA4</jats:italic> function to inhibit light responses in continuous far‐red, red, and blue light. Phytochrome A is necessary for all aspects of the <jats:italic>spa4</jats:italic> mutant phenotype, suggesting that <jats:italic>SPA4</jats:italic>, like <jats:italic>SPA1</jats:italic>, acts specifically in phytochrome A signaling. Enhanced photoresponsiveness of <jats:italic>spa3</jats:italic> mutants is also fully dependent on phytochrome A in far‐red and blue light, but not in red light. Hence, <jats:italic>SPA3</jats:italic> function in red light may be dependent on other phytochromes in addition to phytochrome A. Using yeast two‐hybrid and <jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic> interaction assays, we further show that SPA3 as well as SPA4 can physically interact with the constitutive repressor of light signaling COP1. Deletion analyses suggest that SPA3 and SPA4, like SPA1, bind to the coiled‐coil domain of COP1. Taken together, our results have identified two new loci coding for negative regulators that may be involved in fine tuning of light responses by interacting with COP1.</jats:p>
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author Laubinger, Sascha, Hoecker, Ute
author_facet Laubinger, Sascha, Hoecker, Ute, Laubinger, Sascha, Hoecker, Ute
author_sort laubinger, sascha
container_issue 3
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description <jats:title>Summary</jats:title><jats:p> <jats:styled-content>S</jats:styled-content>uppressor of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content>p</jats:styled-content>hy<jats:styled-content>A</jats:styled-content>‐105</jats:italic> (SPA1) is a phytochrome A‐specific signaling intermediate that acts as a light‐dependent repressor of photomorphogenesis in <jats:italic>Arabidopsis</jats:italic> seedlings. <jats:italic>SPA1</jats:italic> is part of a small gene family comprising three genes: <jats:italic><jats:styled-content>SPA</jats:styled-content>1‐related <jats:styled-content>2</jats:styled-content></jats:italic> (<jats:italic>SPA2</jats:italic>), <jats:italic><jats:styled-content>SPA</jats:styled-content>1‐related <jats:styled-content>3</jats:styled-content></jats:italic> (<jats:italic>SPA3</jats:italic>), and <jats:italic><jats:styled-content>SPA</jats:styled-content>1‐related <jats:styled-content>4</jats:styled-content></jats:italic> (<jats:italic>SPA4</jats:italic>). Here, we investigate the functions of <jats:italic>SPA3</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>SPA4</jats:italic>, two very closely related genes coding for proteins with 74% identical amino acids. Seedlings with mutations in <jats:italic>SPA3</jats:italic> or <jats:italic>SPA4</jats:italic> exhibit enhanced photomorphogenesis in the light, but show no phenotype in darkness. While there are small differences between the effects of <jats:italic>spa3</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>spa4</jats:italic> mutations, it is apparent that <jats:italic>SPA3</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>SPA4</jats:italic> function to inhibit light responses in continuous far‐red, red, and blue light. Phytochrome A is necessary for all aspects of the <jats:italic>spa4</jats:italic> mutant phenotype, suggesting that <jats:italic>SPA4</jats:italic>, like <jats:italic>SPA1</jats:italic>, acts specifically in phytochrome A signaling. Enhanced photoresponsiveness of <jats:italic>spa3</jats:italic> mutants is also fully dependent on phytochrome A in far‐red and blue light, but not in red light. Hence, <jats:italic>SPA3</jats:italic> function in red light may be dependent on other phytochromes in addition to phytochrome A. Using yeast two‐hybrid and <jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic> interaction assays, we further show that SPA3 as well as SPA4 can physically interact with the constitutive repressor of light signaling COP1. Deletion analyses suggest that SPA3 and SPA4, like SPA1, bind to the coiled‐coil domain of COP1. Taken together, our results have identified two new loci coding for negative regulators that may be involved in fine tuning of light responses by interacting with COP1.</jats:p>
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spelling Laubinger, Sascha Hoecker, Ute 0960-7412 1365-313X Wiley Cell Biology Plant Science Genetics http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01813.x <jats:title>Summary</jats:title><jats:p> <jats:styled-content>S</jats:styled-content>uppressor of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content>p</jats:styled-content>hy<jats:styled-content>A</jats:styled-content>‐105</jats:italic> (SPA1) is a phytochrome A‐specific signaling intermediate that acts as a light‐dependent repressor of photomorphogenesis in <jats:italic>Arabidopsis</jats:italic> seedlings. <jats:italic>SPA1</jats:italic> is part of a small gene family comprising three genes: <jats:italic><jats:styled-content>SPA</jats:styled-content>1‐related <jats:styled-content>2</jats:styled-content></jats:italic> (<jats:italic>SPA2</jats:italic>), <jats:italic><jats:styled-content>SPA</jats:styled-content>1‐related <jats:styled-content>3</jats:styled-content></jats:italic> (<jats:italic>SPA3</jats:italic>), and <jats:italic><jats:styled-content>SPA</jats:styled-content>1‐related <jats:styled-content>4</jats:styled-content></jats:italic> (<jats:italic>SPA4</jats:italic>). Here, we investigate the functions of <jats:italic>SPA3</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>SPA4</jats:italic>, two very closely related genes coding for proteins with 74% identical amino acids. Seedlings with mutations in <jats:italic>SPA3</jats:italic> or <jats:italic>SPA4</jats:italic> exhibit enhanced photomorphogenesis in the light, but show no phenotype in darkness. While there are small differences between the effects of <jats:italic>spa3</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>spa4</jats:italic> mutations, it is apparent that <jats:italic>SPA3</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>SPA4</jats:italic> function to inhibit light responses in continuous far‐red, red, and blue light. Phytochrome A is necessary for all aspects of the <jats:italic>spa4</jats:italic> mutant phenotype, suggesting that <jats:italic>SPA4</jats:italic>, like <jats:italic>SPA1</jats:italic>, acts specifically in phytochrome A signaling. Enhanced photoresponsiveness of <jats:italic>spa3</jats:italic> mutants is also fully dependent on phytochrome A in far‐red and blue light, but not in red light. Hence, <jats:italic>SPA3</jats:italic> function in red light may be dependent on other phytochromes in addition to phytochrome A. Using yeast two‐hybrid and <jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic> interaction assays, we further show that SPA3 as well as SPA4 can physically interact with the constitutive repressor of light signaling COP1. Deletion analyses suggest that SPA3 and SPA4, like SPA1, bind to the coiled‐coil domain of COP1. Taken together, our results have identified two new loci coding for negative regulators that may be involved in fine tuning of light responses by interacting with COP1.</jats:p> The SPA1‐like proteins SPA3 and SPA4 repress photomorphogenesis in the light The Plant Journal
spellingShingle Laubinger, Sascha, Hoecker, Ute, The Plant Journal, The SPA1‐like proteins SPA3 and SPA4 repress photomorphogenesis in the light, Cell Biology, Plant Science, Genetics
title The SPA1‐like proteins SPA3 and SPA4 repress photomorphogenesis in the light
title_full The SPA1‐like proteins SPA3 and SPA4 repress photomorphogenesis in the light
title_fullStr The SPA1‐like proteins SPA3 and SPA4 repress photomorphogenesis in the light
title_full_unstemmed The SPA1‐like proteins SPA3 and SPA4 repress photomorphogenesis in the light
title_short The SPA1‐like proteins SPA3 and SPA4 repress photomorphogenesis in the light
title_sort the spa1‐like proteins spa3 and spa4 repress photomorphogenesis in the light
title_unstemmed The SPA1‐like proteins SPA3 and SPA4 repress photomorphogenesis in the light
topic Cell Biology, Plant Science, Genetics
url http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01813.x